Whenever we are talking about technology and its revolution, we have to
approve that the electronic chips are an enormous part of this revolution.
Nowadays we can see electronic devices everywhere and inside these devices
there are a lot of things to guide them to do their job as well as possible.
These kind of things are totally depending on Microcontroller and
Microprocessor operations. Therefore, a microcontroller (MCU) is a small computer hidden inside some clever
electronic devices and it consists of a single integrated circuit, also it has
one or more CPU. A microprocessor is a computer processor which
incorporates the function of the computer's central processing unit (CPU). Its
function is as human brain so that can allow the artificial device to deal with the environment surrounding it as human deal with other creatures. Eventually, a microprocessor is a
mathematical operation algorithm carrying inside clever chips.
Micrprocessor duties:
The microprocessor is hidden inside every electrical machine which relates to intelligent area
categorization. There are several apps to use a microprocessor as a functional
unit in that area, so we try to give the most useful stuff in which this chip
could be existing there. For instance, the microwave oven has an LED or LCD
screen and a keypad, it contains a microcontroller hide inside it to show us
the system behavior of it. All modern automobiles contain at least one
microcontroller and can have as many as possible to save the vehicle in normal
balance. The engine of the automobiles is doing under the microprocessor
controlling as the brake anti locked the engine returns to its previous
condition. TVs, VCRs, and high-end stereo systems are including these kinds of chips to control
its characteristic and reaction to the user. For example, to send and receive
signals from users by using remote control we can change the channel as we want. Furthermore, Security systems run throughout the house
and other Institutions. These systems work frequently without stopping by using
(motion sensors, locks, cameras, alarms). In addition, inside these components
there must be lots of microprocessors unit. The job of these systems is to
protect places from invasion. Also, In
Central Heating System there is a microprocessor unit to interprets the
measurements taken from the temperature sensors, so that heating has become
more exact through the constant regulation of climate control, as a result of
that Microprocessors can increase efficiency by measuring and minimizing energy
output. Moreover, hand watches are consisting of microprocessors unit.
Therefore, it can enhance the wristwatch from keeping time to a
multi-functional machine. Also, it can
connect the watches to smartphones and make it work as clever machines as
apple watch work. Finally, if we want to believe in the importance of
microprocessor we can look at the following questions. Can the world continue
its rotating without electronic staff? can we contact with another world
without using contacting services? Can we write this report electronically and
submit it to drive?
Main components of a computer
Any computer
has its hardware components so that we try to divide these components into five
sections as follow.
Input devices and their definitions
Mouse / It is a device used to transform information between users and computers so by moving it we can get a response from the computer as we want.
Keyboard/ It is a device which uses to input text and character
to the computer.
Scanner / It is a device that use to input and transform texts, photos, and other devices to computers.
4-Microphone / It is a device that uses to give sound input to the computer.
processing devices
Some of the most common processing devices in a computer is the Central
processing unit (CPU) and the Graphics processing unit (GPU).
Storage devices and their definitions
CD drive/ It is a device in which we insert it into a computer to
transform and store information into it.
SD card / It is a small device that we use it inside our phones and we can
insert it into a computer to store stuff inside it.
USB/ It is a device that we use it to store information inside it to get
it whenever we need it.
Communication devices
and their definition
Modem / It is a device which uses to modulate the signal comes from satellite
and support us internet connection.
2-Wi-Fi/ It is a device that adds a wireless feature to the laptop and it can receive signals from the modem and feed it to the computer automatically.
Bluetooth/ It is a device which uses to transform information
from one device to another without any couple connection.
Output devices and
their definitions
Printer/ It is a device which use to print out documents including texts, pictures
and last them on the papers.
Speaker / It is a device which use to get sound from the computer and enlarge its
level to make the others hear it.
projector/ It is a device that uses to shot the details that exist on the computer
screen and show them to viewers on large scales.
Headphones / It is a device that outputs sound from phones, computers, and other
devices to users in small scales.
General information about microcontrollers
The rapid growth in science and technology offers several advantages of using integrated circuits, microprocessors, microcontrollers, embedded chips, etc., in designing electrical and electronics projects and circuits by reducing their size, cost, and complexity. Thus, the application of microcontrollers in science and technology is increasing rapidly. The microcontroller has different types of chips such as the 8051 families of microcontrollers, PIC microcontrollers, and so on. But, 8051 microcontrollers are frequently used in various applications due to their advantages compared to other microcontrollers. In this case, let us discuss the application of microcontroller 8051 in science and technology. Firstly, we can explain this chip contains and its mythology operation, so that the microcontroller 8051 consists of four input/output ports, each port consists of eight pins which are configured as inputs/outputs based on logic state. If logic zero (0) is applied to appropriate input/output port bits, then the microcontroller pin acts as an output pin and there will be zero voltage at that appropriate pin. Similarly, if logic one (1) is applied to appropriate input/output port bits, then the microcontroller pin acts as an input pin and there will be 5V voltage at that appropriate pin. Secondly, the application of microcontroller has various areas, and fields such as automobiles, aeronautics, space, robotics, electronics, defense application, mobile communications, rail transport, industrial processing, and medical applications are rapidly increasing. From these areas, we could choose one practical application to discuss it in order to understand the benefits of this a little small electronic chip. Therefore, we chose the robotic area because it is relating directly to our department (mechatronics engineering ). As an example of that, obstacle avoidance robot can be work as following. Firstly, any mechanical machine must have motors to move it from one place to another. However, we have to control this motor in order to get the right directions for the machine. In this case we use an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles and give a signal to the machine to change its direction by stopping or turning on one of the motors vice versa. In addition, the speed of the motors can be controlled using pulse width modulation (PWM) technique.
ALU (arithmetic logic unit) :
It is a combinational
digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on
integer binary numbers. In some processors, the ALU is
divided into two units, an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU).
Register:
It is one of a small set of data holding places that
are part of the computer processor. It is a high-speed storage location.
some registers have specific hardware functions and may be
read-only or write-only. Registers are used in the CPU to store information on a temporary basis which could be data to be processed, or an address pointing
to the data which is to be fetched. Finally, the most widely used registers of
the 8051 are A (accumulator), B, R0-R7, DPTR (data pointer), and PC (program
counter).
Control Unit (CU):
It is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor, so It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit, input, and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions. Eventually, it lets the computer's logic unit, memory, as well as both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a program.
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